Why must it be MARIO brothers.

Life forms has come a very long way since it’s beginnings. There have been countless debates between scientists, religions and even common people about how it started and it still goes on even now. Over the millions of years that life has existed until now, evolution has been occurring during many different periods of time. Evolution is simply the exchange of different traits between a group of population which results in variations biochemically, anatomically and even in behavior.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the man who introduced the ‘Theory of Evolution’, whereby he proposed that all forms of life are related to each other and therefore come from the same ancestor. He also proposed the idea of ‘Natural Selection’ whereby traits and genetic mutations that give survival advantages to the species are preserved and passed down to the next generation. Therefore, an accumulation of these traits from generation to generation over millions of years, forms newer and more improved species and this is called Evolution.

After so many years of evolution, people began creating trees of life whereby a chart is drawn out in the shape of a tree and the branches represent different species of animals or plants. But Charles Darwin was the main person behind the term ‘Tree of Life’ which was basically a universal phylogenetic tree that shows the evolutionary relationships between species and are branched according to their similarities. He basically combine all the kingdoms into one by referring to their universal functions. And they are most usually grouped based on the Ribosomal RNA. The three main branches of the phylogenetic tree include the Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horizental-gene-transfer.jpg

The picture above shows the work of Horizontally Transferred Genes. These are genes taken by an organism from another without being the offspring. This was first discovered in 1959 when different types of bacteria had the same antibiotic resistance. This discovery was very important because it shows another way of evolution since the beginning of life. There 3 main ways of  horizontally transferring genes. The first way is Transduction whereby genes are transferred from one bacteria to another through viruses. Second is Conjugation whereby genes are exchanged through direct contact of bacterial cells. Third is the  Transformation whereby genetic material is changed by taking up  DNA or RNA from the surroundings. Horizontal Gene Transfer can also occur in Eukaryotes where it is found to be mainly done through chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Then came the Cambrian Explosion about 530 million years ago which shows the sudden explosion of diversities and animal groups through fossil records. This phenomena has led to many major animal groups that we are aware of now. Some possible causes of this explosion are

- the increase in oxygen levels through photosynthesis of millions of years whereby the oxygen level was very low at first which does not allow the growth of large, more complex organisms.

- Increase of organisms after the ‘Snowball Earth’ whereby the earth suffered massive glaciations which caused massive extinctions.

…and many more possible explanations.

The contradicting thing about this Cambrian Explosion is that it doesn’t match to the Phylogenetic tree because it does not appear to branch from any ancestor.

Evolution have come a very long way, as I have repeated myself multiple times. However not all species and organisms evolve as much as each other. Through fossil records, we can see that some have evolved so significantly and some simply haven’t. There are plenty of factors for this phenomena. Regions on the earth where the species live in can play a huge part. Regions filled with volcanoes or earthquakes will not allow the species to survive and evolve that much as compared to region without much natural disasters. There can also be some species that can survive or withstand ice ages or global warming more than others and therefore have a better chance to mate and evolve. Another reason is just simply because some species do not have any need to evolve.

If you ask me the question of whether the Tree of Life exists, I have to answer you that no one 100% knows. You can only find the answer from any upper divine being. Even if you base the question on facts, I still can’t give you a definite answer because there are contradictions to the supposed Tree of Life. Even up till now, there are still debates on this question.

Chemotherapy has been around for decades and research has been done by countless of scientists even up till now. It is basically a method of treatment used to kill cancerous cells and micro-organisms with the help of chemicals. But the main man and also the person who coined the term, “Chemotherapy” is none other than scientist Paul Erhlich who is deemed the “Father of Chemotherapy” by most people.